A move by Tanzanian government through the
ministry of natural resources and tourism to grab
Maasai Land in Loliondo Area has sparked fear and confusion among the Maasai
people who have lived in the area for many years before independence.
The ministry in what has been described
as the state directives last week announced that it will set aside 1,500 square
kilometres bordering the Serengeti
National Park for a “wildlife corridor”.
According to Maasai such act will result
them be prevented from getting to their
pasture land in the corridor, destroying their traditional nomadic cattle-herding lifestyle. Access will however be
granted to a Dubai-based luxury hunting and safari compan
Daniel Ngoitiko, a Masai politician
representing Soit Sambu ward as the Councilor in the local government an area
which is part of the corridor, said the declaration amounted to an existential
threat for thousands of Masai tribespeople.
“My people’s livelihood depends on livestock
for life ,” he said. “We will die if we don’t have land to graze.”
NGOs
say nearly all of the Masai living in Loliondo district, where the proposed
corridor will be, rely on cattle herding for food and to raise money for
expenses such as school fees.
Fifty-five Masai leaders have
petitioned the government against the corridor, which would place out of bounds
savannah that is lush and grassy in the wet season and dusty scrubland in the
dry.
They have vowed to resign their
posts as local administrators at a mass rally and protest in the Loliondo town
of Wasso on Tuesday. Ngoitiko, who wraps himself in the traditional bright red
cloth of the Maasai, will march 20km with his constituents to the
demonstration.
Ngoitiko said violence could not be
ruled out if the government were to proceed. “We will fight against it until
the last person is gone,” he said.
Despite the passionate resistance to
the proposals, the Tanzanian government appears determined to push ahead with
the proposed corridor. The minister for natural resources and tourism, Khamis Kagasheki,
told one newspaper this week: “If the civic leaders want to resign, they can go
ahead. There is no government in the world that can just let an area so
important to conservation to be wasted away by overgrazing.”
Samwel Nangiria, government
programme manager for a group of local NGOs, told journalists visiting the Area that the Masai
lifestyle, which forbids eating wild game, is harmonious with nature.
“The government does not appreciate the way
that the Masai is living with wildlife,” he said. “They’ve been using it for
centuries, living with wildlife all over.”
The Masai have followed seasonal
rains with their cattle across what is now northern Tanzania and southern
Kenyan since pre-colonial times. But they have been gradually squeezed out of
their territory. The process began in 1959 when the colonial British evicted
the tribe from the Serengeti.
“My grandfather was born in the
Serengeti where the national park is,” Ngoitiko said, arguing that the idea of
further relocation was unacceptable. “The land we are claiming is ours because
we inherited it from our parents.”
Today, of the million-plus Tanzanian
Masai population, at least 66,000 live in the 4,000sq km Loliondo district. The
proposed corridor will reduce their land by nearly 40%. The Loliondo highlands
are nestled between two jewels of Tanzania’s tourist industry – the Serengeti
National Park to the west and the Ngorongoro Conservation Area (NCA) to the
south. To the east lie the salt flats of Lake Natron, while to the north is the
Kenyan border.
Crucially, the reduction in land
access would come at a time when climate change is already placing the tribe’s
lifestyle under pressure. Jill Nicholson, programme director for local NGO the
Women’s Pastoralist Council, said: “The rainy seasons are coming later and
that’s putting stress on water sources.”
The highlands are crucial for the
June to November dry season.
“The area which is being established
in the corridor is used in the dry season grazing,” said Nangiria.
“This is the time they need it most
so they can have a fallback. Another reason is the wildebeest are coming to
calve in Loliondo, so the Masai have to have access to the highland to keep
their cattle away from possible diseases brought by the migrating wildebeest.”
The principal hunting outfit which
will be able to exploit the corridor is the Ortello Business Corporation of
United Arab Emirates.
The OBC has operated in Loliondo for 20 years,
flying over high-profile clients such as Prince Andrew and the United Arab
Emirates royal family on 747s which land on a private airstrip. But their
clients’ wealth has not filtered down to the Masai.
Ngoitiko said the hunting lodges did
not employ local people, and skirmishes had broken out between herders and OBC
security.
In 2009, Masai and national police
clashed after the government tried to force evictions, allegedly to allow the
OBC to hunt. Ngoitiko’s younger brother Paul said he lost 50 cattle because
they could not reach pasture.
Paul remembers how losing livestock, a source
of identity for Masai men, broke his father’s will. “During the morning he
would ask, ‘how many livestock have died today?’ When you mentioned the number
he didn’t even speak.”
Paul also claims that police burnt
down his family’s bomas – homes made of mud, thatch, and cow dung. After
protests, the government has allowed the people to return, but a court case is
still in progress to decide their future.
The government tried to evict Masai
from Loliondo again last year, but backed down after an outcry led by international advocacy group
Avaaz. According to campaign director Ian Bassin “nearly a million
people called on [Tanzanian president Jakaya] Kikwete to stop the evictions of
the Masai. The government is responsive to global opinion.”
Kikwete has a record of dismissing
the Masai lifestyle. This month, he told a group of pastoralists that “living a
nomadic life is not productive”.
Paul Ngoitiko disagrees, and on
Tuesday he will march with his people in protest. “We have our way of living,”
he said. “Without land we cannot keep livestock, and without livestock it is a
kind of death.”